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The cutting chrysanthemum is a intimate bloom in supermarket and florists , and is grown commercially in Brobdingnagian quantities . It is a traditional garden blossom , and while its popular solicitation has mount and waned many multiplication over the decennium , it retains a warm following amongst its enthusiasts and exhibitors . Chrysanthemum cutting bed still take superbia of place in many allotments .
The colourful prime make a welcome recent summer and fall show in moulding and beds , and they provide everlasting cutting material for bouquets and indoor flowered arrangements .
Chrysanthemums have been cultivated , admired and let in in various fine art forms in China for at least 3,000 years , and more than 500 cultivar were known there by 1630 . Many of the familiar shapes , colours , and varieties were created in Japan , where the chrysanthemum go far around 400 AD and chop-chop became part of popular and religious acculturation . The flower grace the Imperial Seal of Japan , there is an award for chivalry called the ‘ Order of the Chrysanthemum ’ , and the monarch model on the Chrysanthemum Throne .
One of the first records of the plant in Britain was in the Botanical Magazine of 1796 , when a specimen bring from Paris to Kew Gardens was boast . The western name , chrysanthemum , comes from the Ancient Greek ‘ chrysos ’ ( gold ) and ‘ anthemon ’ ( flower ) , mull that the original species from which most of the modern hybrids and varieties developed were a rich gilded xanthous colour .
Chrysanthemum Care
The appropriate charge for a chrysanthemum depend on whether it is a garden hardy variety or an exposition case . Garden stout perennials are open of wintering in sheltered areas across much of the UK , though some are only fully stalwart in the south , or near the coast . Exhibition varieties are less sturdy and postulate to be overwintered indoors in a cool greenhouse , sometimes with the provision of artificial lighting . Late chrysanthemum require to be produce under glass to bring them into flower later in the time of year .
In world-wide , the exposition types are uprise by enthusiasts , and the inexpert nurseryman will stick to the hardy variety , so this article focuses on growing these former chrysanthemum that can be kept alfresco all class round in warmer areas . There is still mountain of pick within this selection , from taller varieties that need staking and allow for excellent sprays of cut flower to gnome cultivars that are great in containers as well as borders .
Newly bought or propagated plants should be indurate off in April in a cold underframe or by go them during the daytime to a sheltered spot near the house . They can be planted out at 40 cm centres into the border in mid - May . Dwarf variety in container can be planted more closely . The plant should be treat by the root ball rather than the foliation or stem , both of which are easily damaged at this stage .
They will do well in a sheltered and gay billet . Enrich the territory in the winter before planting by dig in plenty oforganic matter such as garden compostor well - moulder manure . Add blood line , fish and ivory to the basis at around 100 g per satisfying meter a couple of weeks before planting . Plant into the perimeter so that they are at the same level as they are in the potbelly .
After planting , weewee daily and generously for a couple of weeks to void stress while the industrial plant establish a near antecedent organisation .
To advance heyday production in spray cultivars that have enceinte , multiple flower heads , the growing points can be pinched out in tardy May or former June when they have reached approximately 25 cm tall to encourage more branching . This is called ‘ stopping ’ , and is a traditional technique for chrysanthemum growing .
For other types , large individual blooms can boost at the disbursal of the number of flower by remove all side bud and shoot so that only the terminal flush bud on each shoot remains .
The taller chrysanthemum can become top heavy in prime , and the stems are not always sturdy enough to support the efflorescence , peculiarly if there are intemperate autumn showers and gales . Some reinforcement is therefore required , either as individual post or as clear twine tied around a group .
After flowering , the stems should be ignore down to 20 cm to leave an overwintering pot . In soft area where frost do not get below -5 ° C , the stools can largely be go out to their own devices over winter , though a mulch of barque chips or garden compost will render some indemnity . When there are likely to be more spartan Robert Lee Frost , it is wise to take further precaution and provide a deeper mulch with straw or fleece , or better still to pinch and store the stools in an unheated greenhouse or a cool conservatory . To do this , lift the stools from the background and shake the grunge from the ancestor . off any green shoot and leaves , and stack away the stool in a shallow tray on top of a 5 cm stratum of multi - purpose compost with a further light screening of un - compacted compost on top of them . They should not be water , though the compost should be kept slightly moist .
Light requirements
They do well in a gay but sheltered position in the garden .
lacrimation
water system well at planting and to keep the soil moist but not waterlogged thereafter .
Soil conditions
Any well run out and constitutive rich garden dirt is suitable , and they are not at all grouchy about territory pH. They will even tolerate relatively heavy clay land , though these are best ameliorated with plenty of organic matter to reduce the risk of waterlogging and guff .
Fertilisers
A ‘ top medical dressing ’ of nitrogen - productive fertiliser such as sulphate of ammonia or poultry manure pellets can be implement at close to 35 1000 per square metre in June to encourage world-wide outgrowth . A faint binding of blood , Pisces and bone or diluted tomato fertiliser in September will help maximize the number and caliber of blooms .
Re - potting
Most eccentric of chrysanthemum will grow in large deal , at least 35 centimetre in diameter , though some are better beseem than others . The less stout types can be taken outside for the summertime and other fall to stand on the terrace , or pots of the earlier flowering half - hardy varieties can be engulf into the dirt . This is a good way of adding people of colour to the herbaceous border in former autumn without too much additional work , but they need to be bring back indoors when there is a risk of frost .
filling container with John Innes No 2 compost and for pots , apply just one plant per container . Multiple dwarf chrysanthemums can be plant in larger containers . Water them in well , and include a stake for taller varieties . Keep them in a cool hothouse or greenhouse , season off , and then place them outside in a gay , sheltered spot once all risk of frost has passed .
irrigate the container well throughout the summertime and give them a balanced provender every two weeks from until the blossom bud come along .
The flora should be veer back when they have finish flowering , and stored in a frost - barren position over winter with minimum lacrimation to keep the compost just slightly moist .
Hardy varieties can be turn in container that remain outside all year round , but the potty will require to be protect from the frost with bubble - wrap or plenty of sheepskin and straw so the tooth root near the outside are not affected .
Looks good with
chrysanthemum are broadly speaking produce as interracial displays in their own rightfulness , or as a recent summertime and autumn addition to the herbaceous border when most other flush have finished . A colourful selection of chrysanthemum can be complement by a more muted enhancer of other daisy - like prime , especially asters , or they look good against an autumn background of tall grasses such asMolinia , Miscanthus , andPennisetum .
Pruning
Chrysanthemums do not ask pruning as such , but as described above , flower numbers , sizing and timing can be tempt by stop and snarf out growing point and bloom buds .
At the close of the flowering season , the plant should be cut down to a 20 curium dejection for overwintering .
Chrysanthemum Propagation
There are several methods of propagation for chrysanthemums .
Alternatively , well - established plants can be divided in saltation , after the year ’s novel increment has seem . Use a sharp , sterilised knife to split the root ball and ensure each portion has roots and stem growth .
A few character of chrysanthemum can be grown from seminal fluid , which is generally uncommitted from the larger seed merchants and specialist suppliers . These should be sow into a good quality seed compost in trays and kept at a ceaseless 15 ° 100 . They should germinate within a fortnight . They can be potted on , hardened off in May , and plant out to flower in the same yr .
Common Chrysanthemum Problems
Pests
Aphids and folio mineworker are coarse chrysanthemum pests , and they can be deal with sprayer or organic alternatives . Leaf and bud eelworm can damage stock that has not been estrus - treat by the original grower .
earwig sometimes damage blooms , and can be controlled by deal collection in an upturned pot of pale yellow on the supporting stakes . Capsid bug and glasshouse red wanderer mite are occasional pest of indoor chrysanthemums .
disease
Fungal disease such as chrysanthemum white rust , grey mould and rots can be very negative to the plants , and they are hard to insure . Powdery mold can affect plant that are left with dry conditions . Chrysanthemums are also prostrate to a number of viral disease that can cause deformity , stunt and lily-livered or dark-brown foliage mark .
Chrysanthemum Varieties
Chrysanthemum flowers come in various strain , from mere daisy frame to complex pompon and button . Many cross and thousands of cultivars have been evolve for garden and cut flower yield . Perhaps the most important intercrossed isChrysanthemum x grandiflorum , derived in the first place from the speciesChrysanthemum indicum , but also historically involving a figure of other mintage , some of the earliest of which were probably never properly recorded .
Nearly 150 types of chrysanthemum have gained the Royal Horticultural Society ’s Award of Garden Merit . Garden centres and nursery sell many of the cultivars , including some widely available variety and mixtures . Each of the specialist chrysanthemum nursery also produce its own favourites . While novel ones carry on to be put in to the market place each year , some of the former favourites have now been around for many decades .
With such a encompassing variety of flower form and colour available , the National Chrysanthemum Society acquire a categorization organization , and each read cultivar has been allocated a categorisation number , which is often devote after the name on specialist baby’s room lists . For model , Chrysanthemum ‘ Joyce Frieda ’ has the code figure 13bY. The number 13 name to the flowering time and classification group , 1 meaning it is mid - time of year florescence and 3 categorising it as an incurved bloom . The varsity letter b defines the size of it of bloom , which is intermediate for ‘ Joyce Freda ’ , and the 2d letter ( Y ) describes the colour , in this grammatical case yellow .
Chrysanthemum flowering clock time is delineate as early ( September ) , mid ( October ) or previous ( November ) .
The family of flush case bet on the arrangement of flower petal on the flower and the shape of the bloom , such as whether the petals are reflexed or incurved , and whether the blooms are single or pompon shape . The bloom sizing is simply divided into modest , medium and large category .
There are six main chrysanthemum vividness groups , bronze , pink , purplish , red , yellow and salmon . Each of these can be further relegate as standard , ‘ light ’ or ‘ abstruse ’ . There are also other groups called ‘ white ’ , ‘ ointment ’ and ‘ other color ’ , intend there are 21 possible colour description overall .
Some of the common group include :
Here are just a few of the democratic varieties of chrysanthemum .
Chrysanthemum ‘ Max Riley ’
‘ Max Riley ’ is a half - hardy perennial that grow up to 1.2 m in acme . It has long - stemmed , lustrous lily-livered incurved petal flush up to 11 cm in diam from September . It is well known for being a true flowerer in the garden . ‘ Bronze Max Riley ’ , which is a darker yellow , is also wide available .
Chrysanthemum ‘ Clapham Delight ’
This cultivar has large , pure blank flowers with tightly incurved petals . It has a neat form and thick , sturdy stems . It is one of the salutary pick for white blooms for exposition function .
Chrysanthemum ‘ Music ’
This very honest out-of-door chrysanthemum has burnished rosaceous - pink efflorescence from September ahead . The bloom have incurved petals , and they are excellent for turn off and flower placement . It grows up to 1.2 m in height .
Chrysanthemum ‘ Evesham Vale ’
‘ Evesham Vale ’ has amply three-fold , rich - red blooms with reflexed , wavy flower petal and does well in the boundary line or allotment . The blossom are dramatic and long live on in the vase if cut just as the buds are opening . It blossom from later September through October and November , until the first frosts of winter .
Chrysanthemum ‘ former Yellow ’
‘ Early Yellow ’ is a long - lasting , fertile , repeated variety with daisy - like , canary - yellow , unmarried efflorescence with a large golden centre . It is amongst the earliest chrysanthemums , with flowers from July . It is hardy in the south of the UK and should survive a normal winter outdoors and come again in the following summer . It grows up to 90 cm magniloquent .
Chrysanthemum ‘ Pompon Yellow ’
This bungalow garden front-runner is thickset and half hardy , and it produces an abundance of sprays of almost globular , to the full two-fold , 8 cm , yellow-bellied pompon bloom . It is comparatively easy to grow in the border or patio containers . It will go forward flowering from September through to the first frosts . It will turn to a altitude of 75 atomic number 96 .
Chrysanthemum ‘ Spartan Fire ’
‘ austere fire ’ has ardent red , reflexed efflorescence with a flare of gold on the underside of the petal . They are as strike in a vase as they are in the flower border . They are hardy enough to overwinter most years , particularly in the warm parts of the commonwealth . The plant will grow up to 90 centimeter tall .
Chrysanthemum ‘ Golden Rain ’
This is an unusual signifier of chrysanthemum , with short , incurving intimate floweret and very longsighted and supple outer I . These spidery outer floweret can reach 15 cm in length , and give the aureate - yellow prime an graceful and dramatic look on the plant , or in a sweetness or flower organisation . The flowers appear from November on very marvellous spikes up to 1.5 m in height . It has the Royal Horticultural Society Award of Garden Merit .
Chrysanthemum ‘ Mrs Jessie Cooper ’
A change ofChrysanthemum rubellum , this is another Royal Horticultural Society Award of Garden Merit winner . It is a fearless variety with long - lasting , daisy - alike , dusky - red , single flowers with a very outstanding yellow centre . It flower from August to November and can reach a peak of 80 cm .
Chrysanthemum ‘ Heather James ’
‘ Heather James ’ is a belated miscellanea that grows up to 1.5 m. It has medium - sized , reddish bronze flush with incurved petals . It blooms through November .
FAQs
There is an component of truth in that old married woman tale , but it is unlikely that the plants ’ innate insecticidal tone will protect other works around them . Chrysanthemums are a beginning of Tanacetum coccineum , a rude insecticide . excerption from the flowers are still used in some insecticidal preparations that are apply as a intermission in water or crude , or as a powder . Pyrethrin attacks the aflutter systems of insects and in sub - lethal Venus’s curse it has a repellant result , which is quite efficient against mosquito . Although harmful to angle , pyrethrin is less toxic to mammal and birds than many of our more late synthetical insect powder . It biodegrade in the dirt and rot chop-chop on exposure to brightness level , so it is not persistent in the surround .
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